PLD1 has low basal activity, but can be activated by PIP2, PIP3 and several regulators including PKCs, small GTP binding proteins like RhoA, Rac1, ARF1, RalA, and Cdc42 and phosphatases [51] [57].
Thus, cII harbors reserve activity that can be activated by AMPK, which allows the mitochondria to rapidly increase its energy output after energy deprivation.
Figure 4 indicates, as found for most salivary homogenates of bloodsucking arthropods, that X.cheopis has indeed a divalent cation dependent salivary apyrase activity, that can be activated by either Ca++ or Mg++.
We have shown that the purified plexin cytoplasmic region displays low RapGAP activity, which can be activated dramatically by fusing it to the coiled-coil dimerization motif of GCN4 (general control non-repressed 4) (Wang et al., 2012).
These results show that the easily available, relatively small, antimicrobial peptide Nisin A has some latent IRI activity that can be activated by the use of specific metal ions.
The behavioural conditions leading to Fos expression are further discussed since Fos is a marker of learning-induced plasticity as well as a general activity marker which can be activated by a wide range of stimuli not directly linked to memory.
The receptor TK activity of EGFR can be activated by multiple ligands, such as EGF.
The physiological pathways controlling SIRT1 activity, outlined above, can be activated by both exercise and caloric restriction.
The SP-1 pathway peaked at 4 hours, with causally linked predictions for increased cyclic AMP and its downstream target PKA, increased kinase activity of PKC, and increased kinase activity of MAPK14 (which can be activated by both PKA and PKC) (Fig. 9).
