Overall, our results support Hedges' [60] view that the effect of distance is the most important determinant of dispersal for actively dispersing organisms in the Caribbean.
Despite being difficult to estimate directly, the ability of species to disperse is often estimated for actively dispersing organisms from their morphological characteristics55.
We used a spatially explicit individual-based modelling platform, RangeShifter, to model the movement of 81 hypothetical actively dispersing woodland breeding species across these agriculturally fragmented landscapes.
Because of the above characteristics, Ligia isopods appear to be highly constrained throughout their life cycle to the same rocky beach, since they do not actively disperse in the water at any stage, and large areas of sandy beaches, estuaries, and cliffs, separating discrete rocky beaches may constitute effective dispersal barriers.
The novel understanding that P. aeruginosa in standard shaken liquid culture exist as suspended biofilms during the growth phase, and actively disperses into single cells during starvation, has important implications for future studies that involve planktonic or biofilm cultures of P. aeruginosa.
Additionally, recently emerged mosquitoes were more likely to survive the duration of the project and actively disperse in search of a blood meal.
Akin to conservation, the target organisms are behaviourally plastic, actively dispersing, multiploid eukaryotes with sexual reproduction, including both multicellular and unicellular species.
Similarly, pyrotechnics and gas exploders are used to actively disperse wildlife and are applied worldwide as an effective measure in bird strike prevention (Gilsdorf et al. 2002; Cook et al. 2008).
Since the two coffee species naturally occur in relative proximity in Central and Eastern Africa [5] it could have been possible that the coffee berry borer actively or passively dispersed from its original host plant C. canephora to the closely related C. arabica.
Triatoma infestans, the main domestic vector of Chagas disease in Latin America, can disperse actively by flying or walking and passively through accidental carriage on humans and their belongings (1, 2 ).
