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Mimotopes can be isolated from phage display peptide libraries [ 11] and have been shown to drive active immune responses towards the original antigen, thus leading to effective immunity.
IL10 is an immuno-regulatory cytokine that can downregulate active immune responses and acts mainly on T cells or macrophages to attenuate inflammatory cytokine production and antigen presentation.
These data indicate that active immune responses take place in the gastric tissues of AID−/− mice.
This provides the first experimental evidence that active immune responses are associated with the highly specific interactions observed in ecological studies with invertebrates that have used life-history traits such as survival or fecundity to represent immunity [16], and that these interactions are not solely an artefact of uncontrolled factors [4].
Furthermore, active immune responses induced by phage-displayed mimotopes have been verified in many diseases [ 20- 22].
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells act as regulators of innate and active immune responses and play a pivotal role in T cell-mediated immune responses [ 1, 62, 63].
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Thus, an active immune response to trastuzumab may be partially responsible for cytotoxic activity.
The main cellular mediators of brain inflammation are microglia, which are responsible for the first active immune response in the brain.
During an active immune response, CIITA production is quickly activated to drive increased MHC II to allow B-cells to present antigen to prospective CD4+ T-cells [ 30].
These results were explained by a certain degree of bacteria growth during the passive immunization process, which allowed the development of an active immune response.
Mimotopes selected from random peptide libraries can drive an active immune response towards the original antigen and lead to effective immunity [ 15- 17].
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