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However, initial results from another EUROPA subanalysis [ PERindopril, Thrombosis, InflammatioN, Endothelial dysfunction and Neurohormonal activation Trial (PERTINENT)] (Scientific Committee of the PERTINENT substudy, EUROPA-PERTINENT subcommittee 2003) provide indirect evidence that perindopril treatment does improve endothelial function.
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Although the association between white matter activation and trial-by-trial differences was not predicted a priori, and its precise nature remains unclear, the current study provides the strongest evidence to date that BOLD signal can be reliably detected in white matter.
Physicians A, B, C and D had 16, 14, 11 and 9 years of experience, respectively, at the time of activation of Trial 1 (October 2000), and Physician E had 9 years of experience at the start of Trial 2 (June 2003).
In the prior study, an exploratory analysis found that the level of caudate activation for trials with positive feedback (i.e., correct trials) predicted the size of the savings in reaction times to the same stimulus items on their next presentation.
During learning, brain regions encoding prediction errors should show increasing activation on trials where the outcome was unexpected according to the learned contingencies and decreasing (or nonchanging) activation on trials where the outcome was expected.
Nevertheless, to verify that the response in AIP was driven by the visual presentation of the objects, rather than the button pressing, we separately analyzed left and right AIP activation for trials in which the subject pressed a button (to indicate a "same" response in the size and pattern discrimination tasks) or withheld the button press (to indicate a "different" response).
These areas showed greater activation on trials in which the subsequent posttest response was accurate, as compared to inaccurate.
As such, assessment of temporal shifts in expression patterns may be as important as arbitrary increases or decreases in total activation when trialling therapies in vitro.
The standard subsequent memory effect was not observed in the striatum, but an exploratory analysis indicated that the magnitude of caudate activation during trials with positive feedback was associated with future reaction time decreases in response to the same stimuli.
Thus, we tested the contrast (Treversal − 1− Treversal) across salient/null blocks in the placebo group, which indexes differences in neural activation for trials with expected outcomes Treversal − 1 compared with unexpected outcomes cueing reversal Treversal.
In contrast to controls, these subjects failed to show any difference in brain activation between trials of exact and approximate calculation, although they performed the calculations as well as the controls.
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