The correlation between Frequency and activation to action-related words in this area did not exceed our statistical threshold.
Because preexisting research (and equally the present results) demonstrated reliable activation to action-related words in motor, premotor, and adjacent inferior precentral cortex (Kemmerer and Gonzalez-Castillo 2010; Kemmerer et al. forthcoming), these areas were systematically analyzed using a ROI approach.
Ruschemeyer et al. (2007) compared activations to action verbs with "complex verbs" that had the action verb as its stem, but did not have an action-related meaning.
This study demonstrates that the motor activation related to action language is not strictly necessary to its understanding in a narrow sense (i.e., lexical-semantic encoding).
Our novel finding that activation related to action knowledge appears in frontal cortex before 200 ms has further implications for characterizing the brain network underlying picture naming.
Furthermore, as suggested by the preliminary findings in a previous study on action perception (Lloyd-Fox et al. 2011), individual differences in patterns of activation to the manual actions were apparent across the group of infants.
Doing so, we show that areas associated with vicarious activations to hand actions (premotor cortices), sensations (primary and secondary somatosensory cortices), and emotions (anterior cingulate and insula cortices) were indeed hypo-activated in the psychopathy compared to the control group during observation.
On the other hand, structures frequently found to be linked to general semantic processing, especially the temporal poles and anterior inferior temporal cortex (Patterson et al. 2007), did not show prominent activation to the emotion or action words tested here.
In a study of an adult who is a congenital amputee, researchers showed that activation to the perception of actions was modulated both by the individual's self-experience of actions and by their experience of observing actions which are outside their own motor repertoire (Aziz-Zadeh et al. 2012).
Combined use of genetically manipulated CFs and various chemical inhibitors eventually linked TLR4-induced MAPK/SAPK and p65 activation to immunomodulatory and anti-fibrotic actions of S100A1.
Therefore, we predicted that activation to the perception of manual actions (but not to a control condition of eye gaze shifts) in the pSTS-TPJ region of the cortex would be correlated with action production by 6 months of age.
