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The synchronous activation of redundant kinases also can induce resistance via activation of bypass pathways.
44, 45 This may be mediated by activation of redundant survival pathways, rather than ErbB2 receptor mutations.
This discrepancy between Xenopus and mouse models may be explained by the activation of redundant signaling mechanisms in more complex organisms.
Although from this experiment we could not determine why ruboxistaurin failed to lower GFR during hyperglycemia, the explanation may involve activation of redundant hemodynamic pathways, such as endothelin or cyclooxygenase-2, leading to the maintenance of GFR (10, 11).
This may be explained in part by the fact that tissue cell death peaks by 24 h postirradiation, while involution occurs over 1 4 days, possibly allowing activation of redundant cell death programs to insure successful completion.
This may be due to the generation of robust inflammatory stimuli that can overcome or bypass the requirement of signalling processes induced by leucocyte adhesion receptors or activation of redundant intracellular signalling pathways, for example driven by the co-evolution of pathogens and the mammalian immune system.
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Perhaps, activation of multiple redundant signaling pathways by higher concentrations of thrombin and/or other agonists might favor activation of PP1cα or PP1cβ in the absence of PP1cγ to sustain activation of platelets.
Kusne et al. [ 51] has recently reported a novel example of the activation of parallel, redundant signaling pathways downstream of EGFR, which lead to glioblastoma progression.
Ligand binding causes receptor dimerization and phosphorylation of two associated protein tyrosine kinases, Tyk2 and Jak1, followed by direct activation of multiple redundant signalling pathways.
With more complete HER2 blockade, resistance to L-containing regimens required the activation of a redundant survival pathway, ER, which was up-regulated and promoted survival via various Bcl2 family members.
Alternatively, depletion of SQSTM1 results in the activation and recruitment of redundant proteins other than NBR1 to dysfunctional mitochondria.
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