In addition, TAM causes induction of c-Myc, activation of members of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family as well as increased accumulation of ceramide which serves as a second messenger in cell survival [ 28].
Signal transduction involves activation of members of the Janus family and phosphorylation of members of the STAT family of transcription factors.
Integrin-mediated activation of members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family plays a key role in transmitting signals regulating chondrocyte gene expression.
Tamoxifen induces apoptosis through several distinct pathways including a mitochondria-dependent pathway, the induction of c-Myc, the activation of members of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) family, and the upregulation of p53 [ 7- 11].
Activation of members of the signal transduction and activator of transcription (STAT) family, in particular STAT3, was revealed downstream as a consequence of the binding of IL-11 to its corresponding receptor [12].
Some MMPs, among them matrilysins MMP-7 and MMP-26, participate in activation other members of the MMP family.
They play an important role in the activation of members of the Rho family by recruiting their regulators.
Patients with leukocyte adhesion deficiency type III (LAD III) harbor a mutation in the KINDLIN3 gene which inhibits the activation of members of the β1, β2, and β3 integrin families [57].
In both studies; HFD versus LFD and HFD with pioglitazone treatment, we did not detect any changes in activation of members of the insulin signalling pathway (Akt, GSK-3αβ), tau kinases (GSK-3αβ, Cdk5) or tau phosphatase (PP2A).
In fungi, activation of members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, mainly TLR2 and TLR4, in DCs has been linked to the induction of IL-12 leading to protective TH-1 responses against Candida and Aspergillus [24], [25].
