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Bid levels were not found to be reduced upon targeting of Bak, suggesting that – if reduced Bid levels represent Bid activation – Bid may be activated downstream of Bak in an indirect manner but is not critical for apoptosis induction.
Following death receptor activation, Bid is cleaved by caspase-8 into its active form tBid, which rapidly translocates from the cytosol to the mitochondria and triggers cytochrome c release [10], [11].
In response to death receptors activation, Bid is cleaved by caspase-8 into its active form, tBid (truncated Bid), which then translocates to the mitochondria to trigger cytochrome c release and subsequent apoptosis.
Indeed, we found that although both Nut3 and 5FU activate p53 in this cell line, only 5FU triggers caspase 8 activation, BID cleavage and caspase 3 activation.
It was also reported that treatment of HL-60 cells with EPA results in caspases 3, 6, 8 and 9 activation, Bid cleavage, and cytochorme c release [33].
Therefore, a feedback loop induced first by minor leakage of cathepsins into the cytosol could be amplified by increased inflammasome/caspase-1 activation, Bid cleavage, MOMP and/or activation of unknown signaling molecules.
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Possible mechanisms include stabilization of the mitochondrial membrane via inhibition of Bcl-2 activity, Bid activation or through the P53 growth factor-related pathway.
Although TRAIL does not seem to be required for the activation of Bim, TRAIL synergizes with paracetamol in activating Bid most likely via induction of caspase 8 activation and subsequent processing of Bid.
A possible role for CL is to anchor caspase-8 at contact sites (between inner and outer membranes), facilitating its self-activation, Bid-full length (FL) cleavage, tBid generation (and Bax/Bak activation and oligomerization), mitochondrial destabilization and apoptosis.
In another study, YFP-Bid-CFP fusion protein was used to visualize the activation of Bid protein by proteolytic cleavage, and translocation of the cleaved Bid to mitochondria was observed directly [ 93].
Alternatively, death receptor-induced apoptosis, including Fas and TRAIL, may lead to the activation of Bid through caspase 8-mediated cleavage of Bid.
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