The phrase "activation and establishment" is correct and usable in written English.
It can be used in contexts related to initiating processes or systems and setting them up or making them official.
Example: "The activation and establishment of the new software system will take place next week."
Alternatives: "initiation and setup" or "launch and implementation."
The presence of metastatic breast cancer cells in the bone drives complex interactions between the breast cancer cells, the bone and stromal cells resulting in the recruitment of osteoclast precursors, osteoclast activation and establishment of symptomatic lytic metastases [ 20– 20].
In summary, we have characterized a signaling cascade that, upon oncogenic RAS activation, engages RAC1 and NOX4, leading to the cellular accumulation of ROS that in turn have mitogenic functions and boost cell proliferation to the point of causing DDR activation and establishment of cellular senescence.
IFN-γ, produced primarily by T cells and NK cells in response to antigens or mitogens, plays a critical role in T-cell activation and the establishment of the adaptive immunity (Weaver et al., 2007).
In fact, it has been reported that in the early stages of the HIV-1 viral life cycle, the expression of nef promotes two major processes of HIV infection: T-cell activation and the establishment of a persistent state of infection [27].
We thus probed the potential role of NOX4 in oncogenic Ras-induced hyperproliferation, ROS production, DDR activation and senescence establishment.
Together these data make an explicit connection between the role of pioneer-like factors in zygotic genome activation and the establishment of a totipotent state.
However, the exact critical length of such dysfunctional telomeres is still not fully clear, while it is clear instead that it varies widely in different species ultimately confounding our understanding of what ultimately triggers DDR activation and senescence establishment.
Despite the lack of overt inflammatory features, continuous synovial expression of CXCL13 may mark ongoing immune cell activation and the establishment of a local milieu favouring tissue remodeling, as suggested by increased levels of AID, IFN- γ, and IL-2 expression and a higher RANKL/OPG ratio in tissues expressing increasing levels of the chemokine [ 107].
Overall, these results are consistent with a model in which, upon oncogenic Ras expression, Nox4 is a key enzyme that produces ROS that fuel the observed oncogene-driven proliferative burst, which in turn causes DDR activation and ultimately establishment of cellular senescence.
Together, these results indicate that oncogene-induced senescence in murine fibroblasts and lung epithelial cells is not associated to an ongoing DNA damage response and, therefore, activation of p53 and establishment of senescence occur independently of Atm.
Oxidative stress, which occurs mainly after maximal activation of neutrophils and establishment of shock [ 9], has been shown to induce a proinflammatory cytokine response [ 10, 11].
