At metamorphosis, ecdysone, through EcR activation, induces a cascade of transcriptional activation involving a number of NRs that are intricately coordinated.
G-protein activation initiates a cascade of events, including adenylate cyclase (AC) activation, cyclic AMP (cAMP) activation, protein kinase A (PKA) activation, steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) and StAR transcription.
Oocyte maturation is also dependent on the activation of a cascade of genes, which activate the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway [ 85].
Here we hypothesized that synthetic biomarkers could be tailored to survey intravascular sites for acute thrombosis, the activation of a cascade of protease activity that orchestrates the formation of obstructive blood clots within vessels.
This process brings Ras into proximity to growth factor receptors and coupling proteins allowing for activation of a cascade of phosphorylation events through sequential activation of the PI3 kinase/AKT pathway, which is critical for cell survival, and the Raf/Mek/Erk kinase pathway, which has been implicated in cell proliferation (Haluska et al, 2002).
Infection leads to the activation of a cascade of molecules that lead to the activation of IkB kinase (IKK) which then phosphorylates IkBa; phosphorylated IkBa is ubiquinated and degraded [32], leaving active NF-κB free to move into the nucleus to initiate inflammatory gene expression including the expression of Cox2 [33].
The molecular mechanisms of NF-κB activation have been well studied, and they involve activation of a cascade of cytoplasmic proteins and nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit [ 42, 43].
Activation triggers a cascade of events that involves autophosphorylation and activation of tyrosine kinase domain, Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway, phospholipase C- γ, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K /Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR).
It is thus possible to hypothesise that adjuvant stimulus of the innate immune system, taking place in genetically susceptible human beings, would trigger the activation of a cascade of events involving activated T lymphocytes, and that these events for as yet unknown reasons finally result in inflammatory joint disease.
When the immune system is stimulated or tissue damage occurs, these cells go through multiple stages of activation, which at the molecular level are reflected by the activation of a cascade of innate immune genes (Graeber 2010).
