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Given the significance of type I IFNs in activating a wide range of cells of the innate and adaptive immune system [4], IFNα production has to be under tight control in order to prevent aberrant immune response that could harm the host.
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Both TNFR1 and TNFR2 activate a wide range of proinflammatory signal pathways, leading to activation of nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, via recruitment of TNF receptor-associating factors (reviewed in [ 7]).
Ethephon initially depressed defence responses in the xylem but, after eight weeks, ethephon application activated a wide range of genes related to plant defence.
IgG-antibody/antigen complexes can activate a wide range of biological responses that result in elimination and destruction of immune complexes.
Plants activate a wide range of mechanisms to defend themselves against external attacks [ 78].
However, ROS also activate a wide range of anti-apoptotic factors.
Inoculation of wheat plants with Puccinia triticina (Pt) spores activates a wide range of host responses.
For example, diphenyl sulfoxide and triflic anhydride can be used to activate a wide range of glycosyl donors including hemiacetals, glycals and thioglycosides.
Antibodies of the IgG isotype predominate in the systemic immune response, as reflected in serum immunoglobulin concentration, and activate a wide range of effector functions.
In solid tumors, HIF-1 activates a wide range of adaptive responses like anaerobic metabolism, migration, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis [ 4, 5], while its involvement in leukemogenesis is less studied.
Of the stimuli used in this study, αIgM treatment had the strongest effects on gene expression in vitro and was capable to activate a wide range of signalling pathways.
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