However, recent investigations have indicated that the placement of implant into bone activates a wide range of biological reactions [6], [7], [8], [9], not limited to those of bone remodeling.
Inoculation of wheat plants with Puccinia triticina (Pt) spores activates a wide range of host responses.
In solid tumors, HIF-1 activates a wide range of adaptive responses like anaerobic metabolism, migration, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis [ 4, 5], while its involvement in leukemogenesis is less studied.
These include the EIN3 transcription factor, which lies downstream of the ethylene receptors, and the negative regulator CTR1 and activates a wide range of ethylene-responsive transcription factors belonging to the ERF/AP2 group [ 74].
Binding with its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) triggers receptor dimerization and phosphorylation, leading to conformational changes of c-Met that activates the TK domain and activates a wide range of different cellular signal pathways, including those involved in proliferation, motility, migration and invasion.
Phosphorylation of p38 activates a wide range of substrates that include transcription factors, protein kinases, cytosolic and nuclear proteins, all of which lead to diverse responses such as inflammation, cell differentiation, cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence, cytokine production and regulation of RNA splicing.
Both TNFR1 and TNFR2 activate a wide range of proinflammatory signal pathways, leading to activation of nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, via recruitment of TNF receptor-associating factors (reviewed in [ 7]).
Ethephon initially depressed defence responses in the xylem but, after eight weeks, ethephon application activated a wide range of genes related to plant defence.
IgG-antibody/antigen complexes can activate a wide range of biological responses that result in elimination and destruction of immune complexes.
Given the significance of type I IFNs in activating a wide range of cells of the innate and adaptive immune system [4], IFNα production has to be under tight control in order to prevent aberrant immune response that could harm the host.
Plants activate a wide range of mechanisms to defend themselves against external attacks [ 78].
