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JNK, as determined by its phosphorylation state, is subsequently activated, triggering apoptosis.
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is the membrane receptor of LPS, when activated, triggering NF-κB signandng and producing proinflammatory cytokines (Lu et al., 2008).
When unfolded proteins pull GRP78 away from them, these pathways are activated, triggering the UPR, and if the stress is too severe, apoptosis.
During a specific event, the cognitive scheme is activated, triggering an automatic thought that elicit a feeling.
If the concentration of α-ketoglutarate decreases to lower than a threshold which is normally observed, then HIF1 would be fortuitously activated, triggering Warburg effect, resulting in rapid cell proliferation.
In well-fed animals, DAF-2 becomes activated, triggering the phosphorylation of the DAF-16 FOXO transcription factor by AKT-1, AKT-2, and SGK-1, which prevents it from accumulating in the nucleus [ 32, 36].
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and induces either antagonistic (i.e., blocking or neutralizing) or agonistic effects (i.e., activating), triggering down-stream pharmacological effects, leading to efficacy and/or unwanted side effects.
Each structure contains an ultrasonic proximity sensor, which, when activated, triggers real-time aural response, broadcast from a directional speaker--visible as the friendly-looking black circle on each glossy installment, often representing the head of the abstract body.
AMPK is allosterically regulated by the competitive binding of AMP and ATP, thereby 'sensing' cellular energy status and, when activated, triggers compensatory ATP-generating mechanisms while attenuating ATP-consuming processes [ 20].
This pathway consists of a family of four related receptor tyrosine kinases (ErbB1-4) whenh, when activated trigger many different signal transduction pathways leading to increased proliferation, survival, motility, and invasiveness [ 42].
ATP binds onto the cation-gated P2X1 receptor that is present on thrombocytes resulting in cytoskeletal reorganisation and higher responsiveness in terms of aggregation and degranulation towards other platelet activating triggers such as collagen [reviewed in [7], [8]].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com