However, when skeletal muscle is damaged by unaccustomed exercise or mechanical trauma, they are activated to proliferate, differentiate, and fuse with the already existing muscle fibers or fuse to form new muscle fibers [ 75, 84].
These memory T cells become activated to proliferate and differentiate into effector cells upon re-exposure to antigen during a subsequent liver stage infection.
Moreover, memory B cells can be activated to proliferate and differentiate into antibody secreting cells in an antigen-independent fashion by microbial products, cytokines, bystander T-cell help, and, possibly other stimuli yet to be defined [3], [16].
These peptides, or epitopes, are then recognized by T helper cells, which are activated to proliferate and differentiate.
Adult stem cells are activated to proliferate and differentiate during normal tissue homeostasis as well as in disease states and injury.
HPCs can be activated to proliferate and differentiate into hepatocytes and biliary lineage in response to severe liver damage [ 36- 41], such as that induced by treatment of rats with 2-acetylaminofluorene after partial hepatectomy (AAF/PH model) [ 42].
Naïve T cells are activated to proliferate and differentiate into armed effector cells by recognition of a foreign peptide fragment bound to a self-MHC molecule and delivery of co- stimulatory signals by antigen presenting cells.
Osteogenetic competence or determination is the state of readiness but not yet activated capacity to differentiate into bone cells.
In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.
When new myonuclei are required, satellite cells are activated to proliferate and differentiate, either fusing to existing myofibres or fusing together to form new myotubes [2].
