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PAK1 is activated primarily by binding to active Cdc42 or Rac1 [65], which in turn binds and activates MEK to stimulate ERK1/2 activation [66].
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase was allosterically activated primarily by phospho enolpyruvate and glucose-6-phosphate, while the activity of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase was increased up to 2-fold by fructose-6-phosphate. None of the other two enzymes tested exhibited allosteric regulation.
As water leaves an area through evaporation from groundwater or from plant matter, activated primarily by solar energy, it is then moved by wind patterns to other areas that border or flow into the Everglades watershed system.
DAAM1 can localize to the centrosome/Golgi region where Cdc42 has been reported to act [41], whereas plasma membrane Dvl2-DAAM1 may be activated primarily by RhoA.GTP.
Isoforms of PLC-β are activated primarily by G protein-coupled receptors through members of the Gq/11 family of G proteins.
While during normal development STAT5 is activated primarily by PRL signaling pathways, EGF and GH signaling pathways can also contribute [ 32, 70].
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Another example is the network of genes regulated by bZIP transcription factor OsTGA10 (Os06g41100) and R2R3-type Myb transcription factor OsMyb4 (Os04g43680), which is activated primarily in by oxidative signal stress during exposure to chilling and configures various components of oxidative defenses (Jakoby et al., 2002; Cheng et al., 2007; Park et al., 2010b; Yun et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2012).
N-alkylnitrosamines with relatively short alkyl chains such as NDMA and NMEA were primarily activated by CYP2E1 as judged by mutagen-producing capacity.
VEGF, VEGF-B, and PlGF can bind and activate VEGFR-1, whereas VEGFR-2 is primarily activated by VEGF, and VEGFR-3 activation is only triggered by VEGF-C and VEGF-D [ 24].
Unlike mouse KSper, the principal K channel in human sperm is primarily activated by internal Ca2+, but only modestly by alkaline pH.
It functions both in parallel and cooperatively with ATM, but whereas ATM is primarily activated by DNA double-strand breaks induced by ionizing radiation, ATR has been shown to respond to a much broader range of DNA damage.
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