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Funding of this study was provided by MOODINFLAME- "Early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mood disorders targeting the activated inflammatory response system, a FP7-HEALTH-2007 project.
The activated inflammatory response was seen in the liver tissue as well as renal tissue after reperfusion [ 37].
Serologic evidence of an activated inflammatory response has been reported [ 46], as well as the contribution of phagocytes and cytokines to increased production of ROS [ 47- 50].
22 Since proinflammatory cytokines can alter brain function, these data are compatible with evidence that an activated inflammatory response system exists in mood disorders which plays a role in their pathophysiology.
The potential mechanism of action is believed to be modulation of the (hyper)activated inflammatory response [ 9].
Altered autonomic balance [ 63, 72], stress-axis dysfunction [ 73– 75], sensitised nervous system [ 76, 77] and activated inflammatory response [ 78] are all pathophysiological mechanisms that are believed to have the potential to produce and maintain physical symptoms.
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Although both LPS and stearate activated inflammatory responses, they shared only partial aspects of these responses.
35 Although the underlying mechanisms for cardiac dysfunction in patients with COPD are largely unknown, the crosstalk is believed to be associated with over-activated inflammatory response, oxidative stress, pulmonary hypertension and airflow limitation.
Dex treatment alone in uninjured mice did not significantly alter the expression of il6, il1b and ccl3 in the heart (Supplementary information, Figure S5), indicating that Dex treatment impeded only the injury-activated inflammatory response, without any significant effects on constitutive cytokine expression.
This inhibition might contribute to infection, as well as suppress signs typically associated with an activated host inflammatory response (3 ).
Luminescent multiplex cytokine/chemokine assays identified elevated levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and MCP1 in Rab11a ΔIEC mouse serum (Fig 2G), supporting an activated systemic inflammatory response in these mice.
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