Temporal control of transgene expression can be achieved in several ways, but one of the most convenient methods is using constructs in which the GAL4 DNA binding domain is fused to a progesterone receptor transcriptional activation domain, and is therefore only activated by systemic application of a progesterone-receptor ligand.
Platelets in circulation are activated by systemic thromboembolic or inflammatory events, and activated platelets have been implicated in thrombosis, inflammatory reactions, immune responses, and in distinct aspects of atherosclerosis [43].
As DREADDs can be expressed ectopically in specific cell populations and activated by systemic administration of CNO, they enable neuromodulation with simultaneous cell-type specificity and anatomic specificity that is reversible and externally titratable.
Critically, however, our findings indicate that the 'cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway' in the vagus is not activated endogenously by systemic inflammation, only by exogenous pharmacological or electrical means.
Although T cell response counters the lack of immune tolerance during PE pregnancy complications, the maternal systemic inflammation is activated by the innate immune system, which leads to neutrophil, monocyte, and NK cell activation.
Research in mammals suggests that the acute phase response (APR), defined as "a complex systemic early-defense system activated by trauma, infection, stress, neoplasia, and inflammation" [ 53], inhibits selenoprotein P production (reviewed by Burk and Hill [ 47]).
These groups of proteins all fit the model of systemic change activated by cytokines in response to tissue invasion by a microorganism [14].
Pregnancy may not be an appropriate period for periodontal disease treatment as discussed by Xiong et al. [ 23]: 1) Treating periodontal disease during pregnancy may be too late to reduce the local and systemic inflammation activated by oral bacterial pathogens.
Since oxidative stress is a key determinant of NP-induced injury, it is necessary to characterize the ROS response resulting from NP. Through physicochemical characterization and understanding of the multiple signaling cascades activated by NP-induced ROS, a systemic toxicity screen with oxidative stress as a predictive model for NP-induced injury can be developed.
The systemic sympathetic nerve system can be activated by ischemic stress, and elevated catecholamines stimulate Na+/K+ATPase primarily via β2-adrenergic receptor [ 1- 4, 20, 21].
We propose that circulating neutrophils and monocytes are primed by LPS in the systemic circulation and are further activated by mechanical ventilation (stretch) in the pulmonary circulation, leading to a systemic inflammatory response and development of organ injury.
