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Atm responds mainly to double stranded breaks (DSB), while Atr is activated by single stranded DNA (ssDNA), stalled DNA replication and UV-induced damage.
46 TLR7 and TLR8 genes are activated by single stranded RNA and have similar signaling pathways.
Prior efforts have engineered retrovirus and measles virus, both enveloped viruses, to become activated by single target proteases.
Monocytes and microglia activated by single TLR agonists can kill neurons [[ 13- 16, 44, 45], present data].
Notably, as the endothelial cells needed serum for survival, migrating and adherent cells were exposed to the same soluble mediators, and were not activated by single stimuli.
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A system to determine which elements of a screen were activated by single-finger touches; which were activated multi-finger touches and which ignored touches altogether.
TLR7 is activated by single-stranded RNA containing U and G rich motifs [ 17, 18].
TLR7/8 is activated by single-stranded RNA: a component of key lupus auto-antigens such as Sm and RNP.
PARP-1 is activated by single-strand breaks in nuclear DNA, and then catalyzes the cleavage of NAD+ into ADP-ribose and nicotinamide and the polymerization of the resultant ADP-ribose units into branching poly(ADP-ribose) homopolymers [ 54, 55].
Left anterolateral STC is activated by single-word stimuli (e.g. Price et al., 1996; Wise et al., 2001), but appears to play a greater role in the processing of connected language (Mazoyer et al., 1993; Stowe et al., 1998; Vandenberghe et al., 2002; Xu et al., 2005).
Fifth, receptor heterodimerization is not an essential feature of TAM activation, since the TAM receptors can be activated by purified single ligands when expressed as single receptors in MEFs in the absence of any other TAM receptor, and in the retina, Mer activation in wild-type and Tyro3-deficient RPE cells is equivalent.
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