Sentence examples for activated by bone from inspiring English sources

Foxf1 has been shown to be downregulated in Shh−/− mice, probably through Gli proteins, and activated by bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4).

Argyropoulou and colleagues give an account of the hypothesised pathogenesis: dormant osteoprogenitor stem cells in soft tissue seem to be activated by bone morphogenetic protein, the release of which is triggered by a variety of stimuli (such as head injury) [ 9].

Mineralized bone matrix is the major store of immobilized TGFβ in the body, whence it is released and activated by osteoclastic bone resorption; TGFβ thus plays a specific and important role in bone metastases as well as in normal bone metabolism.

TGF-β, a potent inhibitor of terminal osteoblast (OB) differentiation, is abundantly deposited in the bone matrix, and released and activated by the enhanced bone resorption in MM.

This may therefore be a new pathway that is activated by strontium in bone cells.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of specific inhibitors of sPLA2-IIa and COX-2 on bone remodeling activated by estrogen deficiency in adult female rats.

The Wnt/ β-catenin signaling pathway was suggested to be an upstream activator of BMP2 expression in osteoblasts [ 37], indicating that the regulating effects exerted by SP on BMP2 may be related to the Wnt signaling activated by SP. The promotion of bone regeneration by SP may be related to the rise of the local BMP-2 expression level in vitro.

Although it is not yet clear which specific factors determine the fate of DTCs and facilitate their persistence, it has been postulated that DTCs in the BM can be activated by osteoclast-mediated release of bone-derived growth factors [ 15].

The bone pit formations in vitro, which are caused by osteoclasts derived from human bone marrow cells activated by RANKL and M-CSF and also by mice osteoclasts activated by TNF-α, are significantly prevented by CLIK-148 treatment.

Despite the current lack of knowledge about the function of the PTH/PTHR systems in chicken, putative PTHR activated by PTHrP were reported in chicken bone and kidney [ 23- 25].

It has been suggested that the Notch pathway and pathways activated by different morphogens such as Wnt, Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and hedgehog, are important regulators of stem cell function [ 52- 55].