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Donahue, A. C. & Fruman, D. A. Distinct signaling mechanisms activate the target of rapamycin in response to different B-cell stimuli.
One possibility is that under tryptophan limitation the cells may activate the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway, which is a critical event in the heat-shock response as indicated below.
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The proposed autoinducer RNAIII-activating protein (RAP) is believed to be secreted and by an as yet unknown mechanism reenters the cell and activates the Target of RAP (TRAP).
Interestingly, leucine activates the target of sirolimus inhibition, mTOR, leading to increased protein synthesis [ 33], and in addition we noted an increase in ribosomal RNA transcripts in the disease state.
Free β-catenin can enter the nucleus and activate the target genes of Wnt.
Chemokine CCL21 binds to its receptor CCR7 to induce the phosphorylation of GLI2 mediated by citron (CIT) kinase, phosphorylation of GLI2 activates the target genes of GLI.
Newgard and coauthors proposed that increased BCAA levels activate the mammalian target of rapamycin/protein 6 kinase 1 (mTOR/S6K1) pathway and phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) on multiple Ser, contributing to IR [ 13].
Akt/PKB is also able to activate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its downstream p70S6K which are regulators of cell proliferation and survival [ 32].
In addition, PA can bind and activate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a protein kinase well known for its roles in cell survival and cancer [ 15, 16].
Glucose, amino and fatty acids, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway.
However, insulin can also activate the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)/protein kinase δ pathway thereby inhibiting hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α) resulting in less PCSK9 expression in hepatocytes [ 2].
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