At the same time, PRR activation can also activate effector mechanisms that function in the absence of de novo protein expression.
A comparative study between glycophyte and halophyte showed that Arabidopsis adopted a global defence strategy that requires bulk protein synthesis, whereas salt cress mainly activated genes that functioned in protein modification and redistribution.
Beta-glucosidases play significant roles in diverse aspects of plant physiology and activate chemical defense compounds that function as a chemical deterrent to herbivore and pathogen attack [ 35].
Activating mutations in proteins that function downstream of the EGFR in these signal transduction pathways renders the cell independent of EGFR signaling.
Cytosolic, high molecular weight signaling platforms that function to activate inflammatory caspases.
It is therefore interesting to speculate that extracellular hsp90α could activate a cassette of proteins that function collectively in cancer cell migration.
This leads to release of E2F transcription factors that function to activate the transcription of genes involved in DNA synthesis [ 8, 11].
For example, kallikreins are proteases that function to activate antimicrobial peptides (reviewed in Yu et al., Biol. Chem. 2014, 395:931) and have been documented to have this function in the human female reproductive tract (Shaw et al., Biol Chem 2008, 389 1513).
Wild-type p53 directly activates a number of genes that function in pathways of DNA repair, including a ribonucleotide reductase gene, p53R2, involved in repair of DNA damage.
CBF proteins, belonging to A-1 subfamily of ERF/AP2 TF family, are major regulators that function in activating cold-regulated effectors in Arabidopsis and other plants [ 15].
Likewise, CD4+ T cells mediate delayed-type hypersensitivity responses via the production of soluble mediators that function to further activate and guide immune cells to the site of injury.
