In the nucleus, the β-catenin-TCF/Lef complex activates target genes such as c-Myc and cyclin D1, which are involved in oncogenic transformation [4], [20] [26].
Accumulated β-cat translocates into the nucleus and activates target gene transcription.
The nuclear translocation of NF-kB activates target genes involved in carcinogenesis, such as IAPs [ 5].
When elevated by cellular stress, p53 accumulates in the nucleus and activates target genes that mediate its tumour-suppressive effects.
Under I/R conditions, JNK is activated by phosphorylation, translocates to the nucleus, and activates target genes such as c-Jun.
Similarly, the main regulator of virulence ToxR requires the membrane-anchored co-activator TcpP to activate target gene expression in V. cholerae.
STATs are cytosolic proteins that, upon activation, translocate in to the nucleus to activate target genes.
Finally, we show that dCas9-VPR can activate target genes and cause dominant phenotypes in vivo, providing the first demonstration of dCas9 activation in a multicellular animal.
New developments in DBS are focusing on enabling directional stimulation capabilities that may possibly activate targets with greater specificity.
