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"The critical situation is readily detected (when breakfast is finished) and the intended action (starting to write) is initiated immediately without further thought – action initiation has become automated".
We used the "Action Initiation" (AI) subscale of the LARS-e, which measures every-day productivity and initiative and is an index of behavioral apathy (Sockeel et al. 2006).
Optogenetic counteraction of those changes in the VLS and VMS impaired action initiation and increased responding toward non-rewarded cues, respectively.
Those who were more apathetic showed dysfunctional communication between regions involved in action energization and preparation - leading to increased effort sensitivity - and lack of action initiation.
Motivation has long been emphasized as the only or most important determinant of action initiation [ 2].
We propose a mechanism whereby inefficient communication between ACC and SMA might lead to increased physiological cost and greater effort sensitivity for action initiation in more apathetic people.
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Reverse signaling through CD137 ligand appears to result in two opposing actions, initiation of pro-survival and/or pro-inflammatory pathways and initiation of apoptosis and growth arrest.
Exposure of TRPV1 receptors to high concentrations of capsaicin initially causes depolarization, action potential initiation, and burning pain.
Previous studies revealed mechanisms of dendritic inputs leading to action potential initiation at the axon initial segment and backpropagation into the dendritic tree.
Nav1.5 is the primary sodium channel in the heart and is essential for the cardiac action potential initiation.
Efficient and precise recruitment of interneurons is thought to depend on the coincident occurrence of rapid synaptic responses and their faithful propagation to the action potential initiation site.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com