Interpreting the results of survey samples of animals for zoonotic agents can be confounded by factors acting at various levels of scale.
In this chapter, we review how epigenetic regulation systems acting at various levels of packaging the genome in the cell nucleus add to gene‐expression control at the DNA level.
We tested 3 different NF-κB inhibitors, each one acting at different levels of the NF-κB pathway.
The mathematical relationships between the main effects and epistatic effects of genes acting at different levels of signaling pathways were established using the quantitative and population genetic parameters.
Therefore there is no evidence to suggest that EBER1 is acting to induce levels of IL-10, either in the serum or tumours in these mice.
These and other results strongly suggest that RASSF1A is an important human tumor suppressor protein acting at different levels of tumor progression [6].
This superimposition of functions leads to complex selective forces acting on all levels of the genome and proteome.
Coevolution is one of the few paramount forces acting on all levels of biological organization from bioms to nucleotides.
The development of drugs acting on different levels of angiogenesis can thus be considered as a promising pathway.
The predator confusion is generally attributed to a cognitive bottleneck acting at multiple levels of processing (Krakauer 1995).
