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For example, C-type lectins, calcium-dependent proteins with one or more conserved carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs), are known to act as pattern recognition receptors by binding to pathogen-associated molecular patterns and activating the innate host defense (Fujita et al. 2004).
C-type lectins act as pattern recognition receptors to activate pathogen elimination through phagocytosis in invertebrates [ 34].
Ficolins are the most important molecules that have been studied so far, and they act as pattern recognition receptors to bind pathogens in host innate immunity initiating immune responses [ 4, 7- 9].
LOX-1 seems to have evolved in the context of innate immunity system since the gene clusters together with a subfamily of C-type lectin receptor (CLEC) such as dectin-1 CLEC-7A) andectin-1 CLEC-7At andpattern recognition receptors [ 9– 12] (Fig. 1).thatactno asid sequence homology of LOX-1 and other CLEC family patterns is shown in Table 1.
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nPKCs could hence act as pattern-specific signal decoders of nerve-evoked activity in muscle.
Antiviral proteins that recognize pathogen-specific or aberrantly located molecular motifs are perfectly positioned to act as pattern-recognition receptors and signal to the immune system.
According to this and other studies (e.g. [ 6]) the outputs of these modules (i.e. attractors that correspond to the possible alternative multigene expression profiles) are highly robust in the face of diverse perturbations, suggesting that these may act as patterning modules for a wide range of parameter values in kinetic functions of the network.
A cryptogram in Klingon wouldn't be any more difficult than a cryptogram in Cyrillic, because the symbols act as patterns in the end.
In G. mellonella, apoLp-III interacts with several immune elicitors such as lipopolysaccharide [16], lipoteichoic acid [14], and beta-1,3-glucan [17], suggesting that apoLp-III may act as a pattern recognition or as a carrier molecule.
Interestingly, an increase in prion protein expression has been demonstrated during bacterial infection[20] and inflammation[18], and hence it has been hypothesized that PrPc may act as a pattern recognition receptor inducing the innate and adaptive immunity in a TLR independent manner[25].
The fact that the peptide backbone of the MG-H1-containing proteins is not involved in RAGE binding indicates that RAGE may act as a pattern recognition receptor.
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