No such across-the-board effect could be seen in the primaries, as, in most states, he outperformed the polls.
The local effects of a factory closure are only too obvious; the across-the-board effects of greater consumer spending power generated by cheaper imports, or of higher productivity brought about by increased competition, are far less evident.One way of getting round these political problems is to compensate the losers from freer trade.
Although there was some limited evidence that SSLPs exerted across-the-board effects on some aspects of child and family functioning, the most interesting results indicated that effects appeared to vary by degree of family disadvantage (Belsky et al., 2006; Belsky & Melhuish, 2007).
Until this weekend, both Democrats and Republicans appeared willing to let the across-the-board cuts take effect, at least temporarily, while a larger deficit deal is negotiated early next year.
The House Appropriations Committee will have to draft a bill financing labor, health and education programs at $121.8 billion, a 19 percent cut from current levels even after the across-the-board cuts took effect.
Largely by coincidence, several big tax cuts, including those from the Bush era, will expire as deep across-the-board spending cuts take effect.
The greatest worry is that the so-called "fiscal cliff" will be reached at the end of the year, with the tax cuts passed under President George W. Bush expiring and automatic, across-the-board budget cuts taking effect.
But the across-the-board "sequester" that took effect in March, when Republicans and Mr. Obama could not agree on alternative deficit reductions, has pared domestic and military programs further, resulting in increasing layoffs, furloughs and service cutbacks.
Absent a negotiated deal to reduce spending, Mr. Cole said, Republicans say they will let $1 trillion in 10-year across-the-board budget cuts take effect under the "sequestration" provision both parties agreed to in 2011.
So when across-the-board cuts go into effect, those three states will be far more exposed than, say, Delaware, where such spending amounts to only 1.3 percent of GDP.
The efforts from both sides, after a long and exhausting campaign, suggested the urgency of acting in the few weeks before roughly $700 billion in automatic tax increases and across-the-board spending cuts take effect at year's end — the "fiscal cliff".
