Therefore, the absence of CRISPR may have been adaptive by allowing the integration of bacteriophages into genomes to acquire new traits like Enterococci, which could acquire antibiotic resistance genes for environmental adaptation [20], [37].
Indeed, it was previously shown that new graduate nurses acquire antibiotic-resistant staphylococci over time [ 18].
Bacteria are also known to acquire antibiotic resistance as well as virulence properties via HGT [ 2].
In addition to the mutation-based mechanisms, Campylobacter can also acquire antibiotic resistance determinants via horizontal gene transfer (HGT).
Nowadays, the ability of A. baumannii to rapidly acquire antibiotic resistance has been recognized as an important therapeutic challenge.
A growing body of literature describes how human pathogens in the environment acquire antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), a process potentially boosted by selection pressure from antibiotics.
Although reported antimicrobial susceptibility tests indicate that most Actinomyces are susceptible to penicillin and amoxicillin, Actinomyces may acquire antibiotic resistance during antibiotic treatment [ 15, 16].
The presented screening method was designed to determine the growth of three test organisms, which are known to acquire antibiotic resistance.
Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are among the organisms most commonly isolated from severe wounds, and colonization by these organisms requires careful management because of their ability to acquire antibiotic resistance and their association with nosocomial infections [ 6- 13].
The tendency of S. aureus to acquire antibiotic resistance has led to the global dissemination of clones expressing multiple antimicrobial resistance including some that express intermediate or full resistance to the glycopeptide vancomycin [ 1- 3].
