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Acoustic velocity was measured using TREETAP, a prototype non-destructive direct transmission time-of-flight acoustic tool developed at the University of Canterbury.
Another type of acoustic tool is based on time-of-flight, and is the only type of tool that can be used on standing trees.
One type of acoustic tool is based on resonance but it cannot be used on standing trees because it requires two cut surfaces for the wave to resonate between.
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Acoustic tools have simplified estimation of wood modulus of elasticity (MOE).
It should be noted that acoustic tools are not without limitations.
Beyond wood-related factors, further variation could be due to human factors associated with application of the acoustic tools.
Acoustic tools have become widely adopted by industry to assess the potential stiffness of standing trees at, or prior to, harvest.
This information could be useful to optimise the standing tree measurement procedure or when acoustic tools are installed on harvesters for sorting logs based on stiffness.
Acoustic tools make use of the often-cited relationship between MOE and V 2, based on the fundamental wave equation (Eq. 1).
Acoustic tools have been used in log production settings for more than a decade (Dickson et al. 2004), but the concept of moving the process closer to the beginning of the value chain and implementing acoustic tools on harvester heads is more recent (Walsh et al. 2014).
Now the researchers have used their acoustic tools to track how the fish swarm, a behavior that is shared by bees, birds, and other animals probably to help them avoid predators, find food, and mate more efficiently.
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