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Away from the acoustic axis, asymptotic solutions for the two edge wave components yield waveforms and amplitudes which, for input pulse lengths down to two cycles and piston radii down to a few wavelengths, are in very good agreement with the exact waveforms and amplitudes obtained by numerical convolution.
Because bat emissions are highly directional, we had to select sonar calls emitted while the bats were flying directly towards one of the microphones in the array to assess the emitted intensity in the acoustic axis of the sound beam.
If anything, it is more likely that the estimates are too conservative (i.e. are underestimates), since bat echolocation signals are highly directional with maximum sound intensity only in the acoustic axis [27], [28].
The target strength TS is defined as the logarithmic ratio of incident acoustic energy to the reflected energy, measured at a certain distance from the target along its acoustic axis [6].
All recordings were sorted, first, on basis of sound quality, and secondly, after data processing, on basis of flight paths in order to find recordings of bats approaching the microphone on a direct course in order to select calls measured in the acoustic axis.
The optical axis was aligned perpendicular to the HIFU acoustic axis and in the HIFU focal plane, creating an overlap or interaction region between the two fields.
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The acoustic centre of the hydrophone was positioned 1.2 cm behind the PVC tube and 1 cm above the acoustical axis.
To obtain MSC, MS modulus is reduced to an absolute number of modulation bands usually ranging from 4 to 26, each containing information about the modulation energy in that band along the acoustic frequency axis.
The sound radiated into the water is omnidirectional at low frequencies, but with increasing frequency it progressively exhibits the directional characteristics of an acoustic dipole with axis centred on the radial axis of the gas jet.
Indirect on-axis acoustic measurements are used to validate the analytical prediction of the circumferential spectrum of the blade unsteady lift and related indicators generated by the trapezoidal and sinusoidal obstructions presented in Ref. [A.
It is a three-dimensional representation where abscissa usually represents modulation frequency, ordinate axis depicts acoustic frequency, and applicate, acoustic energy.
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