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To simulate the post-foam acid stage used in acidizing, brine was injected following foam injection in each experiment and the residual permeability and foam stability were observed.
Under some circumstances, the sulfuric acid stage of manufacture can be avoided.
Stage Five: Main acid stage: inject phosphonic acid.
Stage Five: Main acid stage: Inject acid chelant-based fluid.
Main acid stage is applied to dissolve the quartz, clay, feldspar and silicates.
To prevent the hydrated silica precipitation; HCl or organic acid is used in the main acid stage.
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Corrosion inhibitors are used at concentrations of 0.1% uniformly throughout the acid stages to protect the metal integrity (McLeod et al. 1983).
In formations with high levels of feldspar (>20 %), a common practice is to limit the strength of HF acid stages to reduce the formation of complex fluorosilicate precipitates and other species that would result from excessive dissolution of the mineral by stronger acid (Coulter and Jennings 1997).
Sections were also immunolabelled with monoclonal Ab to detect IgG (Zymed; 1∶350 dilution) IgM (Zymed; 1∶125 dilution) and ubiquitin (Dako; 1∶1500) using the same immunolabelling procedure described above with the omission of the etch and formic acid stages.
Each experiment consists of a gas-free surfactant injection phase, followed by a foam injection phase, which is then followed by a brine injection phase simulating the post-foam acid injection stage.
The accumulation of octanoic acid at stage T3 would be needed in the exponential phase to prepare biosynthesis of vitamins.
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