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With respect to achieving selectivity for APHs vs. ePKs, the three kinase-CKI-7 structures reveal ample differences in binding, as also reflected in the variance in the enzymes' Ki values, to confidently suggest that inhibitors based on the isoquinoline scaffold can be developed for either APH(3' -IIIa or APH(9)-Ia that do not bind to CK1 and likely other ePKs.
Eventually, the challenge of achieving selectivity for HKs among the GHKL proteins will need to be addressed.
Overall, targeting kinase-substrate complexes may offer a general approach and new avenue for achieving selectivity for kinases with high structural similarity to other proteins.
PknB is an attractive target as the kinase domain contains less than 30% similarity with eukaryotic kinases, which offers promise for achieving selectivity for the mycobacterial kinase over those of the human host.
However, GSK-J4 has also been reported to inhibit the KDM5 subfamily in vitro (~ 20-fold less active relative to KDM6 inhibition) further highlighting the difficulties in achieving selectivity for this class of enzymes.
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Hereby, we have identified a region that can be scrutinized to achieve selectivity for nicotinic receptor subtypes.
However, it remains a challenging task for medicinal chemists to design drugs with a specific multi-target profile and to achieve selectivity for specific targets over off-target effects with suitable pharmacokinetic properties [17, 18].
One way to achieve selectivity for the MAP kinases is to exploit docking grooves, or D-recruitment sites, located distal to the enzyme active site that provide a second specificity-determining element.
PfCDPK1 therefore represents a novel target for the potential treatment of malaria and offers promise for achieving selectivity over the kinases of the human host.
The clearest non-bottleneck mechanisms for achieving selectivity are competitions.
Competition based mechanisms for achieving selectivity come in at least two varieties: In a simple race mechanism each of the competitors independently completes a process that is comparable, along some dimension of variation, with the processes completed by the other competitors.
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