Sentence examples for achievement distributions from inspiring English sources

This paper contributes to provide empirical benchmarks to evaluate gender differences: effect sizes on the mean and at the extreme tails of the achievement distributions have been computed on the ten latest international large-scale assessments.

Third, are the gender and racial differences in LE and LA peer effects, if any, distributed differently within the achievement distribution?

The results in Table 5 provide evidence of the importance of looking within the achievement distribution.

If we did not look within the achievement distribution, our conclusion would have been that LE students have no effect in math or on white native students, and we would have missed the differential effects across the achievement distribution.

Second, we repeat the analysis examining potential heterogeneous LE and LA student peer effects across the achievement distribution within a school.

Interestingly, in second grade the shape of pupils' achievement distribution in reading varies with the family background.

For white students, we find negative LE peer effects in reading only in the top third of the achievement distribution.

On the other hand, shape changes appear not to be particularly pronounced for the mathematics achievement distribution.

These results suggest that the negative LE share effects on black students are concentrated both at the top and the bottom of the achievement distribution within the school.

Table 8 provides evidence of significant heterogeneity in the impact of LE students on performance in reading across race and the achievement distribution.

Focusing on the impact of students' family background, the authors found that home educational resources significantly affect the entire math achievement distribution, except at the highest quantiles (95th percentile) corresponding to top performing students.