Voluntary family planning programs since the 1960s have helped 48% of the world's population achieve replacement-level fertility or below.
A recent report from WRI estimates that achieving replacement level fertility (the rate of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next) in Sub-Saharan Africa by 2050 would reduce food demand by around 600tn kilocalories (kcal) per year by the mid-century.
Achieving replacement level fertility, reducing food loss and waste, reducing biofuel demand for food crops and shifting our diets, will all go some way to closing the gap between food available and food required.
It has already achieved replacement level fertility, along with low infant and child mortality and high use of reproductive and child health services.
Importantly, by combining various assays, it is possible to derive mechanistic toxicity data that complement descriptive toxicity assessments while also achieving replacement of animal testing.
Those countries can be divided further into 2 groups: countries such as Bangladesh and Kenya that have a reasonable chance of achieving replacement-level fertility in the foreseeable future, and those countries that still have a high birth rate.
Aviva assumed that workers would desire a replacement rate (pension income as a proportion of final salary) of 70%; they are on target to achieve a replacement rate of between 35% and 55%, depending on the country.
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and the combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) will suppress menopausal symptoms; however neither is designed to achieve physiological replacement of oestrogen and progesterone.
In 2010, the year Bangladesh' s National Population Policy aimed to achieve the replacement level fertility of 2.2, it still hovered at 2.5.
So the Alico sale would, at least for part of its value, achieve the replacement of one illiquid equity stake only with another — in a company the government doesn't need to own.
