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The vast majority of plant pathogenic microbes achieve invasion and colonization by deploying secreted protein repertoires (effectors) that help degrade cellular structures, limit perception and suppress defence signalling.
In contrast, some pathogens are dependent on local defects in the epithelial surface to achieve invasion, such as occurs with wound infections or peritonitis secondary to perforation of the intestinal tract.
The fungal cell wall is a dynamic structure responsible for protection of the cell from changes in osmotic and environmental stresses and is the first barrier that needs to be overcome to achieve invasion of host cells.
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However, 29% of the total population did achieve complete invasion through the layer after 232±43 min.
As SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3 cells were less motile, a longer incubation (48 h) was required to achieve extensive invasion by the MT1-transfected cells.
She and her colleagues at the Government Communications Headquarters were, as she later put it, "being asked to participate in an illegal process with the ultimate aim of achieving an invasion in violation of international law".
Systemic spread can result in abortions and enteritis, usually achieved by invasion of the reticuloendothelial system [ 7].
Terrestrial invasion of gastropod mollusks has occurred in Neritopsina, Cyclophoroidea, Littorinoidea, Rissooidea, Ellobioidea, Onchidioidea, Rathouisioidea, Succineoidea, and Stylommatophora [ 7, 8], and in particular, each of Neritopsina, Rissooidea and Ellobioidea has likely achieved land invasion more than once [ 6, 8, 9].
"Highjacking Catastrophe" posits that neoconservatives seized upon 9/11 as a way to achieve the Iraq invasion they'd longed for, and that big corporations-especially oil companies-used their friends in the government to get the war they wanted.
Currently our understanding of how large an inoculation must be to achieve a successful invasion remains coarse.
These results suggest that additional pathways downstream of HER2/HER3 are needed to achieve their higher invasion phenotype.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com