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NMR detected the accumulation of ectoine.
After the accumulation of ectoine, the diffusion of water through the cell membrane can be reduced thus enabling the survival of cells at high salt environment.
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One mechanism to overcome this osmotic stress is the accumulation of osmoprotectants, such as ectoine, proline, and glycine betaine in the cytoplasm [ 125].
The protective effect of ectoine was discovered by Prof Jean Krutmann and colleagues at the Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, while investigating whether the molecule could protect skin against sun damage.
As an endogenous reporter of ectoine, the mutated AraC protein was successfully incorporated into high-throughput screening of ectoine hyper-producing strains.
Furthermore, the genes encoding for the biosynthesis of the ectoine, another common osmolyte are found exclusively in P. stutzeri TAIHU, while the genes responsible for the catabolism of ectoine and its derives are present only in M. sp. TAIHU.
Subsequently the syntheses of ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine were analyzed and optimized.
Twenty-four tobacconic tobacco plants, generated for biosynthesis of ectoine in the chloroplasts, showed no phenotypic abnormality.
In the case of P. stutzeri TAIHU, the operon (ectABCD) consisting of four ORFs for the biosynthesis of ectoine was identified.
Here we review current knowledge on some genetic and enzymatic aspects of ectoine biosynthesis in halophilic and halotolerant methanotrophs.
A model describing the effect of ectoine on meibomian lipid films is further presented which may have an application for the use of ectoines in eye drops as a treatment for the dry eye syndrome.
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