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By this stage the accumulated sample size was sufficient to detect a 50% reduction in proportion with viral suppression in those with MR adherence <90% with 90% power, assuming that 75% of children had MR adherence ≥ 90%.
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Based on the accumulated total sample size and given the minor allele frequencies of these two polymorphisms in HapMap CEU (47% for rs4430796 A allele and 47% for rs7501939 T allele), the meta-analysis had 95% or higher power to detect an association of OR = 1.10 at alpha = 0.05 with each of the two polymorphisms for overall cancer risk, prostate cancer risk, or other cancer risk.
Thus, the pharmacogenomics design in a biobank linked to an EHR may be a powerful approach (as shown above) or it may be a challenge to accumulate sufficient sample sizes.
Besides the use of sample archives for retrospective studies, it may be necessary to accumulate samples gathered during several years until a required sample size is achieved [ 46].
Accumulating samples for quantitative evaluation may also be helpful.
Interestingly, comparison of the observed increase in richness with sample size predicted by accumulating across habitats and distance suggests that habitat diversity is the important driver at small scales, with the distance-based prediction alone clearly underestimating the number of taxa at these scales.
Given the parameters of our genomic data, we estimate that a sample size of about 80 neutrally accumulated substitutions would provide adequate statistical power (i.e., over 95% rejection of null).
We recalculated the sample size for overall efficacy based on our accumulated data.
Third, did the researchers calculate in advance the sample size needed to show that they didn't just accumulate data until they found something significant?
Depending on the study population and sample size, use of the second hybrid option may not accumulate enough events for full evaluation, especially for ruling out an RR of >1.3.
The authors freely admitted that they had no prespecified sample size or primary end point, and were inspecting the results as data accumulated and stopped when they achieved a nominally significant difference in pregnancy rate.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com