We have recently reported that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) promotes α-tubulin detyrosination by downregulating expression of TTL and that detyrosinated tubulin accumulates at invasive tumor fronts in patient samples [ 11].
Therefore, we propose that the early lesions carry the important genetic changes that reflect the major phenotypic information, while the additional genetic changes accumulated in the invasive carcinoma are less associated with the overall phenotype.
Similar to observations with other bacterial strains, both invasive and non-invasive Shigella accumulated and persisted in the tumor after i.v. infection, whereas they were rapidly eliminated in the spleen (Fig. 2A, C).
Immunocytochemistry following the wound healing assay to evaluate the invasiveness of cancer cells revealed that actinin-4 predominantly accumulates at artificial invasive fronts [ 13].
Our findings and work by others indicate that RAW 264.7 macrophages can accumulate in the invasive zone of the advancing tumor [7].
Indeed, in cells migrating in 3D-microenvironments, the vesicular regulators that control integrin trafficking accumulate towards the invasive front [ 15,16,17 ].
We propose that the early lesions carry the important genetic changes that reflect the major phenotypic information, while additional genetic changes that accumulate in the invasive carcinoma are less associated with the overall phenotype.
Evidence has accumulated in recent years that invasive behaviour can be associated with karyological characteristics, including variation in genome copy number (polyploidy) and genome size (te Beest et al. 2012).
The present study demonstrate that the loss-of-functional mutations in csrS gene which were accumulated in clinically isolated GAS from patients with severe invasive infections, but not with emm-matched non-invasive strains.
However, the severe invasive isolates analyzed in this study accumulated mutations in the csrS gene but not in the csrR gene (Figure 5B and data not shown).
