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More recently, a retrospective study of the archived records of laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza before and during H2N2 pandemic of 1957 also concluded that those who had been symptomatic during previous influenza season(s) had accumulated (age dependent) heterosubtypic immunity reducing attack rate with the pandemic subtype [8].
In particular, HbA1c but also accumulated AGE have been well validated as the predictors of CVD and other diabetic-related complications.
More important, the AGEs level was significantly and positively correlated with sRAGE after adjustment of other factors, suggesting the rise in plasma sRAGE levels may contribute to the accumulated AGE levels in critically ill patients.
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The accumulated AGEs can interact with RAGE which initiates multiple signaling cascades and subsequently activates a regulatory protein for inflammatory and immune responses, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) [5].
They found reduction in light exposure induced death for RPE cells with accumulated aging lipofuscin fluorophore A2E.
The accumulated AGEs can reduce proteoglycan and collagen synthesis by chondrocytes and lead to stiffness and fragility of articular cartilage [ 5].
In persons aged 20 to 80, there is a good linear correlation of increases of fluorescent intensities of accumulated AGEs in cartilage and the difference sometimes can be more than 11-fold higher [ 31, 34].
Under normal homeostasis, the expression of RAGE is low, while pathogenic conditions such as inflammation and diabetes, and at sites of accumulated AGEs in the vasculature, a sustained upregulation of RAGE has been shown.
Understanding the molecular mechanisms activated by accumulated AGEs in joints and how the processes may be modified by resveratrol could provide additional approaches currently unavailable to slow the progression of OA.
Recent data indicate that bacteria – although short lived – produce, metabolize and accumulate AGEs.
They accumulate aged T cells that are prone to inflammatory responses.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com