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The coast offers many advantages to an otter such as access to breeding sites and a diverse range of prey.
We thank Ken Griffiths for help with fieldwork and the Fahey family for access to breeding ponds at Darkes forest.
Such benefits might include establishment of a work force that will be present already when the subordinate inherits the dominant breeding position [11] [13], being allowed to stay in the group ('pay-to-stay') and receive survival benefits [8], [14] [19], or access to breeding resources for the subordinate's own reproduction [20], [21].
Population density affects the operational sex ratio, becoming increasingly male biased with increasing density because of the asynchronous nature of spawning among females that is accentuated as access to breeding territories becomes limiting (Fleming and Gross 1994).
The difficulties of gaining access to breeding burrows during the 4-month period of lactation from hatching until emergence have prevented any direct evidence for management of excretory waste products.
The nonrandom access to breeding partners usually increases the among-individual variance in reproductive success with few individuals securing most of the fertilizations and therefore reducing effective population size and increasing inbreeding.
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The program takes a restricted-access approach to breeding — the dogs and their litters live in a 66,000-square-foot breeding station.
Importantly, while in other taxa, females often compete for resources related to reproduction (Clutton-Brock and Huchard 2013), female territoriality in Tropheus is not associated with access to mates, breeding opportunities, or brood care.
Breeders in the tropics have access to bull breeding values derived in the exporting countries but rarely to those derived in their own country.
In more intact landscapes, targeted actions to conserve rock-dwelling fauna include limiting human access to critical breeding sites, baiting to reduce pressure from introduced predators, restoring rock microhabitat and translocation of endangered species.
Conservation needs include regular monitoring throughout the range to determine population trends, particularly after El Niño years; restricting human access to important breeding colonies; and assessing interactions with fisheries.
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