In animal experiments, capsaicinoids accelerated catecholamine secretion by activating the adrenal sympathetic efferent nerve [4, 11].
Another advantage of Warburg effect is the acidification of the microenvironment by lactic acid: aerobic glycolysis leads to an accelerated lactate secretion, which can acidify the surrounding extracellular matrix and facilitate angiogenesis and tumour metastasis [ 30].
Finally, leptin may influence other hormones; insulin can accelerate the secretion of leptin and, inversely, leptin has negative feedback on the synthesis and secretion of insulin [ 14, 15, 36- 38].
Evidently, the combination of insulin and glucose did not accelerate heparanase secretion but rather increased its magnitude (Fig. 3C).
Secondly, hordenine could accelerate the secretion of norepinephrine [ 35].
WECS could also reduce the hepatic metastasis of melanoma B16-F0 cells in C57BL/6Cr mice, and its mechanism of antimetastatic action was associated with reducing the hepatocyte growth factor, and accelerating the secretion of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 [ 29, 30].
Cocultured cell sheets combining fibroblasts and human smooth muscle cells were found to accelerate the secretion of angiogenic factors in vitro and to increase blood perfusion in vivo by the formation of new vessels [ 25].
THI pretreatment accelerated IL-6 secretion compared with TSA controls, indicating that THI sensitized DCs to ATP.
Since adipocytes are a source of ApoE in vivo, this probably accounts for the higher overall ApoE output, and the accelerated rate of secretion.
In patients with cystic fibrosis and concomitant pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, gastric emptying of high-fat/carbohydrate meals is accelerated and incretin secretion is impaired due to maldigestion of nutrients, leading to elevated postprandial glucose levels, even in those without overt diabetes.
