Jews were barred from church schools, of course, but until the Italian Renaissance, and the later Enlightenment in other parts of Europe, they were likewise forbidden from public academies, organizations and functions.
In the Sophocles of 1502 occurred the first mention of the Aldine academy, an organization of scholars founded by Manutius to edit classical texts.
According to the academy, the organization had 5,765 active voting members as of Feb. 16.
According to information provided by the academy, the organization had 5,783 active voting members as of Dec. 27, 2011, as well as 152 non-voting active associate members.
In her position, Hudson oversees the day-to-day operations of the academy, an organization that had $180.1 million in revenue in 2013, more than 50% of which (or $93.7 million) came from its Oscar telecast.
Ryan O'Malley, a spokesman for the academy, said the organization could not comment without seeing the report, which was to be published on Ms. Simon's Web site late Tuesday.
In post-Revolutionary France, the academy was organized by the government until the early 1880s, when they were taken over by artists' organization.
Some countries arrive at their choice by polling an Academy-like professional organization with hundreds or thousands of members; countries with less robust film industries might have more ad-hoc groups, sometimes with as few as a dozen voters.
Tim King is founder, President and CEO of Urban Prep Academies, a nonprofit organization operating a network of public college-prep boys' schools in Chicago (including the nation's first all-male charter high school).
Founded in 1986, the academy is an honorary organization that recognizes lifetime achievement in the visual, literary and performing arts.
