These academic start-ups typically marry professors and graduate students from computer science, statistics and applied mathematics with those from other departments including biology, medicine, economics and even journalism.
John Williams's slim novel from 1965 about an average American academic started the year as a forgotten classic and ended it as Waterstones' Book of the Year.
Keys, a Minnesota academic, started to investigate the health benefits of Mediterranean eating in the 1950s, after a visit to Naples.
While research collaborations are based on information flows between collaborating partners, in the specific case of the field of technology transfer, it also refers to either patents, industrial applications, technology licensing or even formation of academic start-ups (Philbin 2008).
The Russian capital is certainly less foreign to him than Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, home of another academic start-up he has visited, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST).
Regarding determining factors for and the consequences of creating start-ups, O'Shea et al. (2008), referring specifically to academic start-ups, suggest that this relies not only on the individual characteristics of lecturers and researchers but the differences in university environments and contexts play a part, too.
"If all academics start using different Freud translations, it will be a Tower of Babel.
More guidance for submissions is due in July, and details of each panel's criteria and methods should be published in January 2012 before academics start submitting their work in 2013.
"Many academics start with something more like a broader impacts statement or an obvious foundational concept in their field, as they would in a journal article.
Indeed, it was only when lawyers and academics started examining the act that the full implications became clear.
So academics started to allow for that, too.In effect, the portion of the investment return that was purely a result of fund managers' skill was being reduced at every stage.
