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Previous substance abuse criteria required only one symptom, while the D.S.M.-5 D.S.M.-5d mild substance use disorder (not addiction) requires two to three symptoms.
The aim of this study is to assess whether DSM-IV cannabis dependence (including withdrawal) and abuse criteria fit a linear measure of severity and whether a consumption criterion adds linearly to severity.
I used all 6 items operationalizing alcohol abuse criteria.
Criterion-level findings provided further indication that some inhalant abuse criteria may lack discriminant validity.
*Alcohol use meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, dependence or abuse criteria.
Members of this class were more likely to endorse most inhalant abuse criteria compared to nonsymptomatic inhalant users, but were significantly less likely to endorse inhalant abuse criteria than members of the third LCA-derived group of inhalant users.
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Additional file 1 presents findings describing the prevalence of each DSM-IV inhalant abuse criterion in the overall sample, subsample of lifetime inhalant users, and subsamples of youth meeting DSM-IV Inhalant Abuse and Inhalant Dependence diagnoses, respectively.
The most prevalent inhalant abuse criterion was recurrent inhalant use in situations in which it is physically hazardous, which was reported by approximately one-third of adolescent inhalant users.
Latent class analyses of DSM-IV inhalant abuse and dependence criteria yielded clearly identifiable, ordinally-differentiated patterns of criterion endorsement for nonsymptomatic, symptomatic and highly symptomatic inhalant users [ 34, 35].
Cognitive dysfunction, psychosis or drug abuse were exclusion criteria.
Existing infectious diseases and drug abuse were exclusion criteria.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com