Clarke and William Wollaston were influential philosophers who argued primarily from abstract relations to moral obligations, duties, virtues, etc. in their moral systems.
Bentham and on some views Burke seem to conceive only of legal rights; but if one can make sense of moral obligation, one can make sense of abstract rights.
Our obligation is not to maintain some abstract form of "balance" in the classroom, but to to help students become critical thinkers who learn to listen to others, evaluate their statements carefully and respectfully, and support conclusions with evidence.
Here we propose reasoned modelling critics — an approach which aims to abstract away from the complexities of low-level proof obligations, and provide high-level modelling guidance to designers when proofs fail.
Badiou erects a huge theoretical edifice, heaping abstract nouns on top of each other, unhindered by any apparent obligation to cite data in support of his views.
Either way, Abstract Expressionism stood for autonomy: the autonomy of art, freed from its obligation to represent the world, or the freedom of the individual — just the principles that the United States was defending in the worldwide struggle.
As we grow richer, the ties that used to bind workers together in a risk-pooling welfare state (first locally, later nationally) have loosened - "generosity" is more abstract and compulsory, a matter of enlightened self-interest rather than mutual obligation.
And it is also the result of countless misguided attempts to abstract and obfuscate in our now-transparent world responsibilities and obligations that make mutual relationships possible and sustainable.
The leadership frontrunner, who writes poetry and enjoys abstract paintings, raised the possibility of changes to the planning system to place an obligation on developers and local councils to fund local art as he launched his creative manifesto.
These critics contend that libertarian ideas of individuality are ahistorical, excessively abstract, and parasitic on unacknowledged forms of group identity and that libertarians ignore the obligations to community and government that accompany the benefits derived from these institutions.
