BC was determined via particle reflectance measurements of the PM2.5 filters; absorption coefficients (per meter × 10 5) were converted to BC mass concentrations (micrograms per cubic meter) assuming a conversion factor of 1 (Wolfson M, Liu Y, Harvard School of Public Health, personal communication).
Prepared material was investigated using phase characterization (X-ray diffraction 'XRD') technique, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV Visible absorption spectroscopy and LCR meter.
This year they have a concept chrono with 36,000 bph movement that "floats" inside the case to ensure shock absorption even in a 20 meter fall.
TER was also measured in a series of individual cell cultures on the day prior to measurements of DTPA absorption, using a volt-ohm meter.
In all tests, cation concentrations and pH values of water were measured before and after each test using an atomic absorption spectrometer and a pH meter, respectively, to evaluate the changes in cation content and pH.
X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (RS), infrared absorption spectroscopy (IR), and high-resistance meter were used to measure the microstructure and resistivity, respectively.
Samples were periodically collected from all sampling ports, including the influent and the effluent, and the Cr VI) concentrations and pH of the samples were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (TAS-990 Super) and acidity meter pHs-3EE).
Irradiance could not be measured directly in the magnet, but the light source was calibrated and irradiance estimated to be 1013 photons/cm2/s (840-C power meter, Newport, Irvine, CA) after prereceptoral lens absorption for the different wavelengths was taken into account [46].
The results provide the reference for design of water-direct-absorption-typed HEL energy meters, as well as for analysis of the interaction between other similar lasers and water flow.
A spectrophotometer and LCZ meter were used to measure the UV VIS absorption spectra and dielectric properties of the films.
