Although an internationally-adopted in vitro dermal absorption test guideline is available (OECD Test Guideline 428), the replacement of the in vivo approach in North America for pesticide formulations has not occurred due to concern over the reliability and consistency of the in vitro results.
The influence of the dielectric properties of the tissue on the PL is evaluated and compliance of the electromagnetic absorption with the international guidelines of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing RadICNIRP Protection (ICNIRP) [22] is evaluated for the maximum allowed radiated power.
For the determination of dermal absorption of chemicals, several guidelines have been established by prescribing the type of skin membrane, species, and experimental protocol (OECD 2004).
The dermal absorption in vitro method (OECD guideline 428), an established toxicological (mammal) test procedure, was adapted to amphibian skin, in a first approach using the laboratory model organism Xenopus laevis and reference compounds (caffeine and testosterone).
This study aims to understand the fundamentals of thermal energy usage in an absorption system and provide quantitative and integrated guidelines to design a minimum-energy-demanding, absorption-based carbon capture process using aqueous solvents.
The present work has shown that the dermal absorption in vitro method according to OECD guideline 428 may be successfully adapted to the skin of the amphibian X. laevis, providing the basis for further investigations.
Scattering cross section maps (the absorption cross sections always being zero) again give guidelines for an adequate radius in order to obtain the main scattering resonance at λ approximately 700 nm (see Additional file 2: Figure S2).
If skin absorption is also a likely route of exposure, guidelines should be developed for preventing skin exposure.
The results presented in this work provide guidelines for designing and engineering high-performance energy absorption structures that are resilient, flexible, and of high energy absorption density.
The enhanced cadmium absorption noted for young age groups indicates that new intake guidelines may need to be established for pediatric populations.
