Normalised cellular growth (proliferation) rate was determined by the equation: (Absorbance at Day 4/Absorbance at Day 0) × 100%, where Day 0 is the day of cell plating.
The concentration of flavonoids was expressed as mg quercetin equivalent/g of dry plant material was calculated using the following equation: Absorbance = 0.9747 × FT mg quercetin, R 2 = 0.9846.
The concentration of flavonol was expressed as mg quercetin equivalent/g of dry plant material was calculated using the following equation: Absorbance = 34.046 × FLL mg quercetin, R 2 = 0.9853.
The concentration of condensed tannin in the extracts expressed as catechin equivalent (CE /g dry plant material was calculated using the following equation: Absorbance = 0.1791 × CT mg CE + 0.0504, R 2 = 0.9440.
A standard curve was prepared using gallic acid under the same conditions as the extracts and results expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE /g dry plant material was calculated using the following equation: Absorbance = 0.8264 × GT mg GAE + 0.0392, R 2 = 0.9155.
The percent-relative viability in reference to control wells containing complete DMEM without polymer was calculated by the following equation (A: absorbance at 570 nm, Ablank is the absorbance of the solution containing cells and complete DMEM without MTT and polymer): Relative cell viability = 100 × (Atest−Ablank)/ Acontrol−Ablank).
The total absorbance was calculated from Equation 4, while total anthocyanin content was calculated from Equation 5.
The main effects "E", n = 6, and all interaction order effects, n = 57, on absorbance were calculated using equation 1 [4 6].
The energy gap of C-Dots was determined by Tauc plot method form absorbance spectra, using following equation: alpha^{2} = frac{hc}{lambda } - E_{text{g}} (1 while α is an absorption coefficient (m −1), h is Planck constant (4136 × 10−15 eV s), λ is wavelength (m) and E g is energy gap of C-Dots.
Spectra were background corrected using a reflective gold slide and converted to absorbance using the Kramers Kronig equation as per standard FTIR analysis method (Roessler 1965).
The ABTS radical cation scavenging activity was calculated as the percentage reduction in absorbance, represented by the equation (y = 1.71761x + 1.3953, R = 0.9939).
