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A breakup of Microsoft is unlikely absent proof either that Microsoft's monopoly was the result of illegal business practices or that its monopoly must be terminated to prevent future misconduct.
He also said that the President "will be making a mistake if he pulls out of the J.C.P.O.A. absent proof of Iranian cheating, which, as far as I know, does not currently exist".
Absent proof of fraud or gross negligence, it was taken for granted that the directors were acting in the interests of the shareholders, and the courts had no business second-guessing them.
"Notwithstanding grave deficiencies in the city's evidence management system," she wrote, "Newton's due process claim cannot be sustained absent proof that a city official acted with the requisite constitutional culpability in withholding evidence".
Even if the first two elements of the offense are met, however, a defendant may not be held liable for attempted monopolization absent proof that its anticompetitive conduct created a dangerous probability of achieving the objective of monopoly power in a relevant market.
Normally, no jury would convict Aaron Hernandez on a first-degree murder charge absent proof that Hernandez pulled the trigger.
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That makes it extremely difficult for health authorities to recommend mass vaccination absent compelling proof that an attack is likely.
But she decided to hold the memorial service only reluctantly, absent definitive proof of her husband's fate.
Absent physical proof, Dr. Klein said, the only way to answer the question might be to examine the reasons for increasing brain size in Homo erectus.
But the court, in a little-remembered decision issued the same day, also held that the continued detention of Japanese Americans -- absent any proof of disloyalty -- was illegal.
They function more like forensic evidence, markers left behind by the dead, the lost or the emotionally absent as proof of their existence.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com