To check for this, we asked, on absent letter reports, how similar the reported absent letter was to the target.
If this were the primary cause of similar-flanker reports, we might also expect absent letter reports to be similar to the target.
To analyze the similarity of absent letter reports in Experiment 1, we first normalized each row of the confusion matrix to eliminate variability due to accuracy differences across letters.
Shown are the average (±standard error across 2 observers) frequencies of the three kinds of responses produced by the observer when asked to identify the target letter: the target, the flanker, or an absent letter (neither target nor flanker).
Table 1 presents the fraction of trials on which the observer reported the target or (wrongly) reported a similar flanker, dissimilar flanker, or absent letter (neither target nor flanker).
Data from each observer disproved this prediction (p<.001 for each observer individually, one-sided permutation test, for 2 observers).> -wrap-foot> Experiment 2: Average (± standard error across 2 observers) frequency of the three kinds of responses produced by the observer when asked to identify a crowded target: the target, the flanker, or an absent letter (neither target nor flanker).
Absent a letter and if the governor is incapacitated, a nine-member council that includes the Chief Justice of the State Supreme Court, convenes after a majority vote to "raise the question" of the governor's incapacity.
(The voices of Shiite clerics are largely absent from the letters, perhaps because, as Bell demurred, "Their tenets forbid them to look upon an unveiled woman and my tenets don't permit me to veil").
4. Michael Gurian also recommends that his child (and adult) clients of absent fathers write letters to their father on Father's Day (and other days, such as Christmas, New Years, Thanksgiving, Birthdays, etc).
Absent that, a letter will suffice.
Third Point's bet on the Japanese giant Sony was absent from the letter.
