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Thus, failure to report the absence of absent clues is not due to eyewitnesses not noticing their absence.
In combination, these findings indicate that the listwise deletion of 82% of accident records by Haegeli and McCammon [8], [9] in the development of the Avaluator was inappropriate as the missing values were caused by eyewitnesses and rescuers not reporting the absence of absent clues.
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Figure 5 shows the prevalence of Yes (clue is present), Weak Yes (clue is probably present), Unknown/DNK (presence or absence of clue cannot be established), Weak No (clue is probably absent), and No (clue is absent) judgments for the five clues.
So what happens when the determination of context becomes almost entirely impossible, because speaker and listener are communicating in a virtual space within which most context clues are absent?
The data highlight that even though the participants knew the clues were absent they did not mention their absence.
In contrast, when the clues were absent, participants rarely reported their absence (strict criteria: p = .04, liberal criteria: p = .08).08
Third, the vast majority of missing values occurred because the obvious clues were actually absent.
We also meet the worst adults ever, who are all so self-involved or absent they have no clue what the children are up to.
Consistent with the analyses above, the vast majority of missing values (DNK, yellow portion) in analyses of the accident records occurred because the clue was actually absent.
In turn, the accident records themselves do not allow researchers to determine whether clues were present or absent in the vast majority of cases, resulting in many missing values.
The results showed that eyewitnesses were far more likely to report the presence of present obvious clues than the absence of absent obvious clues even though they were aware of their absence.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com